Showing vs. Telling Refresher
Happy Monday, everyone!
This is going to be a very busy week for me. Between trying to get caught up with where my word count on A Case for Love should be (which is 43,000 words today—you can see by the counter on the right that I have a lot of catching up to do!), I got my edits back on Menu for Romance last week and they’re due by Friday. I also have a couple of freelance projects that are due soon that I need to be working on. And then there’s a radio interview on Wednesday (it’s recorded, not live, so I’ll post a link as soon as they have it up on their site) and my annual eye exam on Thursday. So I thought this would be a wonderful week to spend some time highlighting some of the series I’ve done in the past, since I know a lot of my current readers are relatively new to the blog and may not have spent a lot of time exploring.
Today, I’m highlighting one of my favorite series, Showing vs. Telling. I learned so much through the process of writing this series that changed my writing and my approach to editing and critiquing for the better.
Showing vs. Telling (January/February 2007)
Showing vs. Telling—An Introduction
- “…Showing versus telling is like the difference between watching a movie and having the plot of a movie recounted to you by someone who’s seen it. Or, between reading a book and reading the synopsis or outline. The first is active, experienced first-hand, immediate. The second is passive, second- or third-hand, distant.
Telling keeps the reader at arms’ length, while showing throws the reader directly in the middle of what’s happening and lets her experience the action through the eyes and ears of the character. …”
Showing vs. Telling—The First Date
- “…So many times, I have judged contests or critiqued beginning writers who want to convey all of a character’s backstory in the first chapter. … Whenever I do crits on pieces like this, I always compare the first chapter to the author’s first date—a blind date, even—with the reader. When we first meet someone, we do not tell them our life story. We reveal just enough about ourselves to interest the other person, to hopefully get them to the point where they want to know more, spend more time with us (keep turning the pages). …”
Showing vs. Telling—Mirror, Mirror on the Wall
- “…In this day and age when the standard for fiction is to write with a limited POV—1st person or 3rd person limited (in the head of only one character for a scene)—describing what the character looks like is tricky. In 3rd person, it’s a little easier because you can “see” your characters from someone else’s POV. In limited POV, you can only show what your POV character sees, hears, smells, tastes, feels, and experiences. …”
Showing vs. Telling—In the Eye of the Beholder
- “…When you see someone you find physically attractive, what is the first feature you notice? I personally am an eyes, smile, and height girl. (Hey, when you’re still single at 35, you’ve had plenty of time to learn these things over the years.) For me, the eyes are most important—a mouth can lie, but eyes always tell the truth—which is one of the reasons why many of my physical descriptions of characters in my writing center on the eyes and the expression conveyed by them. … All of the genres vary in the amount of physical description the writer should use. In romance, describing what the characters look like is a vital part of the genre expectations. In other genres, the descriptions can be more vague and given out in tiny increments throughout the first few chapters instead of close to the beginning, as it does in romance when the hero and heroine meet. …”
Showing vs. Telling—Feeeeeeeeeelings . . .
- “…Starting today, train your brain to associate the word FELT with that heavy, scratchy, stiff fabric used for arts and crafts and not character emotions. Felt does not make comfortable clothing, so why “dress” your characters with it? … One of the best pieces of writing advice I ever received was in a seminar in grad school: make the emotions DO something to the character. Make the emotion the subject of an active verb instead of just an adjective. …”
Showing vs. Telling—Do You See What I See?
- “…When we ‘tell’ that a character saw something (She watched him running down the street), we are holding the reader back from truly being inside the head of the character. When I see something, I am not (usually) cognizant of the fact that I am in the process of ‘seeing.’ I just experience the action going on outside of me. So how does this work in prose? …”
Showing vs. Telling—Do You Smell What I Taste?
- “…SMELL is such a funny word in that it can be used for the action of taking in and recognizing an aroma as well as describing something as giving off an aroma. If you write It smelled, are you saying that ‘it’ did the action of breathing in through the nose and recognizing a scent or are you saying that ‘it’ is giving off a pungency that is unpleasant? TASTE is the same way. TOUCH can mean to actually come into physical contact with something or to be affected emotionally by something. Therefore, we should be as specific as possible. …”
Showing vs. Telling—The Sixth Sense
- “…Two pet peeve phrases in this example: she thought and to herself. Let’s look at the second one first. Unless you are writing sci-fi/fantasy where your characters are clairvoyant, a character’s thoughts are always to herself, thus making the phrase redundant, and, frankly, patronizing to the reader, as if to say that the reader is too thick to realize that the character’s thoughts are in the character’s own head. The phrase she thought is also redundant based on the fact that we’re writing in deep-3rd POV . . . especially when using italiziced internal thoughts … The simple act of setting the sentence in italics shows the reader that these are the character’s thoughts. …”
Showing vs. Telling—Puppets, Cartoon Characters, or Live Action?
- “…Simply by replacing ‘walked’ or ‘crossed’ or any generic ‘go/went’ verb with a descriptive verb, the sentence now reveals something about the character—about the emotion connected with the movement—it shows the pace, the body language, the meaning behind the movement, not just the movement itself. …”
SIG Was in the Top 100
For a little while tonight, Stand-In Groom was #90 on the list of the top 100 best-sellers in the Christian Romance section of Amazon! Though it dropped off the list when it cycled an hour later, it was still quite an experience to see it on a list like that.
Fun Friday–I’m a Star Wars Geek

I know I’ve quoted from the movies (and George Lucas just this week) and used them to illustrate story/writing concepts in the past. But have I ever actually admitted that I’m a Star Wars geek? No, it doesn’t go so far as collecting figurines or posters or trading cards or anything like that. But growing up, the original Star Wars (now re-titled Star Wars IV: A New Hope) was my FAVORITE movie—and one that I could quote almost word-for-word before we ever had a VCR or a copy of the movie in our house, thanks to its extended run in movie theaters and the 8-track tape we had that had most of the film’s dialogue on it (not to mention the music and sound effects). So today, I’m coming out in the open and admitting it as clearly as I can: I’m a Star Wars geek. Just to prove it, today’s post is dedicated to the movies—from funny clips I’ve found online to links to other posts on the blog where I’ve expounded upon the story, highlighted characters, used quotes from it, or used examples to make a writing point.
Just in case you aren’t familiar with the story, here’s a quick recap:
From my “Some Favorite Movie Quotes” post:
“Good shot, Red Two!” (Denis Lawson as Wedge Antilles, Return of the Jedi)
Other favorite Star Wars quotes:
Darth Vader: I find your lack of faith disturbing.
Princess Leia: Help me, Obi-Wan Kenobi; you’re my only hope.
Darth Vader: I’ve been waiting for you, Obi-Wan. We meet again, at last. The circle is now complete. When I left you, I was but the learner; now I am the master.
Obi-Wan: Only a master of evil, Darth.
Han Solo: Traveling through hyperspace ain’t like dusting crops, boy!
Obi-Wan: That’s no moon. It’s a space station.
Han Solo: Hokey religions and ancient weapons are no match for a good blaster at your side, kid.
Luke: I’m Luke Skywalker. I’m here to rescue you.
Princess Leia: You’re who?
Princess Leia: Will someone get this big walking carpet out of my way?
Wedge Antilles: Look at the *size* of that thing!
Obi-Wan: The Force will be with you, always.
Now, since most of the music has been taken down from YouTube because of copyright infringement (which I can totally understand), here’s another way to experience the story/the great themes by John Williams, as recorded by the group Moosebutter (another guy named Cory recorded a video lipsynching this song):
Some favorite Empire Strikes Back quotes:
Princess Leia: Why, you stuck up, half-witted, scruffy-looking nerf-herder.
Han Solo: Who’s scruffy-looking?
C-3PO: Sir, the possibility of successfully navigating an asteroid field is approximately 3,720 to 1.
Han Solo: Never tell me the odds.
Han Solo: It’s not my fault.
Han Solo: Afraid I was gonna leave without giving you a goodbye kiss?
Princess Leia: I’d just as soon kiss a Wookiee.
Han Solo: I can arrange that. You could use a good kiss.
Han Solo: Laugh it up, fuzzball.
Yoda: No. Try not. Do, or do not. There is no try.
Luke: I don’t—I don’t believe it.
Yoda: That is why you fail.
Princess Leia [to Han]: You have your moments. Not many of them, but you do have them.
Princess Leia: I love you.
Han Solo: I know.
Darth Vader: If you only knew the power of the Dark Side. Obi-Wan never told you what happened to your father.
Luke: He told me enough! He told me you killed him!
Darth Vader: No. I am your father.
Now, more links:
See the Best On-Screen Kisses post for a scene from The Empire Strikes Back.
To see a montage of some of my favorite costumes from the movies, visit the Great Movie Costumes post.
Find out who from this series finds a place on my list of greatest Underappreciated Characters as well as why the movies have some of my Favorite Settings on Film.
And I used the storyline of the first (i.e., original first) movie in the Thematic vs. Actual Conflict post in the Conflict series.
And just because you’ve always been curious, here are some behind-the-scenes clips
Some great quotes from Return of the Jedi (do you know I can actually remember the original movie promos in which the title was Revenge of the Jedi?):
Obi-Wan: What I told you was true… from a certain point of view.
Han Solo: I think my eyes are getting better. Instead of a big dark blur, I see a big bright blur.
Luke: There’s nothing to see. I used to live here, you know.
Han Solo: You’re gonna die here, you know. Convenient.
Han Solo: I love you.
Princess Leia: I know.
Luke: Greetings, exalted one. [this is the sound-clip that plays whenever I get a new e-mail]
Yoda: There is… another… Sky… walker.
Han Solo: Together again, huh?
Luke: Wouldn’t miss it.
Han Solo: How we doin’?
Luke: Same as always.
Han Solo: That bad, huh?
Han Solo: Now don’t get jittery, Luke. There are a lot of command ships. Keep your distance, though, Chewie, but don’t look like you’re trying to keeping your distance. … I don’t know. Fly casual.
And the ultimate Star Wars universe quote—the one that appears in all six movies:
I have a really bad feeling about this.
Becoming a Writer Contest Update
Remember way back at the beginning of this series when I announced I’d give away a 15-page critique? Well, here’s the list I have of who’s entered. If your name isn’t on the list and you wanted to be entered, leave a comment on today’s post, and that’ll enter you! I’ll be drawing the winner’s name tonight (probably around midnight, so get your comments posted before then!) and announcing it on tomorrow’s post.
Alexandra
Eileen Astels
Rachel Smith
Terra
Lori Benton
Leslie S.
Amy Jane
Karen (from Queensland)
Patricia W.
Emilie
Everly Pleasant
Sally Bradley
Krista Phillips
So if your name isn’t here, leave a comment today—tell us about your WIP (work-in-progress), post that question that’s been bugging you and keeping you from moving forward in your writing, share a little about why you’re a writer, etc.
Becoming a Writer: How Do I Know When I’m Finished?
When he revamped the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas said, “Movies are never finished, they’re only ever abandoned.” (Adapting a quote by da Vinci: “Art is never finished, just abandoned.”)
I’m not quite sure I agree with that sentiment, but I know there are plenty of authors who do.
I’ve written before about contest addicts who spend all of their writing energy revising their first three chapters and never moving on to new story ideas, or finishing their manuscript. And, as I shared last time, my favorite advice is: Finish Your First Draft.
But other than the idea that finishing a manuscript means you’re moving forward in your writing, I hadn’t really thought through all the reasons why it’s important. Until I met fellow writer Julie Dearyan for coffee and dessert the other night and we talked about our experiences with finishing manuscripts. And I realized: there is a certain euphoria, a certain feeling of accomplishment, of fulfillment, that comes from finishing a manuscript.
But once you’ve written “The End,” does that mean you’re “finished” with that manuscript?
For the first three manuscripts I completed, I was finished with them as soon as I wrote the last line. Why? Because I was already thinking about the next project, and I pretty much knew I wasn’t going to do anything with them. They were learning exercises. What was I learning? How to finish a first draft. How to take what I learned about crafting a complete story—beginning, middle, climax, ending, character arcs, plotting, etc.—and apply it to new characters and ideas. Learning to finish a first draft also leads to another very important lesson: learning to start a new story idea.
For Stand-In Groom, I had a “finish by” date I was working toward: the date it was due to be submitted in its “final” version for my master’s degree. When I finished the first draft, it definitely wasn’t “done” because I’d introduced a major plot point (George keeping his identity secret and pretending to be the groom) about halfway through writing it. So I was mentally rewriting the first twelve or so chapters even as I was writing the end of the draft. Once I completed the second draft and now had a cohesive story, I went through two additional revisions based on feedback from my grad school mentor to polish and refine it; but even after I submitted it—for my master’s and for the contest I entered it into that year—I realized the opening still needed some tweaking. But by the time I did that, I was ready to move on, to be finished with it. And that’s when I knew it was “done.” After that, the few changes that I made to it were “edits,” based on feedback from my editor at Barbour.
With Ransome’s Honor, I thought it was finished when I submitted it to my agent to start shopping around back at the end of 2007. When the feedback came from Harvest House, the only publisher that showed any interest in it, that they thought it started too slowly and that the heroine was in too negative of a headspace in the first chapter, so they thought a prologue might be helpful, I actually ended up adding a completely new dimension to the backstory of the two main characters, which necessitated quite a few revisions when they did ask for the full manuscript. When I did my final revision of the manuscript for my contracted deadline, I tweaked even a few more things—some based on the editor’s feedback, some because it’s something I hadn’t noticed on previous revisions. So is it “done” now? Yes, until I get my final edits back from my editor there.
Over dessert the other night, Julie brought up another interesting point: if you have an old, worn-out piece of furniture in your living room, you probably walk right past it every day without really thinking much about it; or, if you do, it’s just a passing thought that you eventually need to do something about it. But until you get a new replacement, you don’t realize just how old and worn-out the old one was. It’s the same way with our manuscripts. If we just keep “sitting” on the old one—constantly going over it and revising, editing, revising, rewriting, editing, etc.—we’ll never realize just how wonderful and important to our writing journeys starting something new is.
Until you move on—even if you feel like you’re abandoning that manuscript—you’ll never know what you might be capable of as a writer. The revision process is not a creative process. It’s analytical. It’s critical. It’s math versus painting. It’s science versus poetry. While you may enjoy both, it uses a completely different part of your brain. When you spend all your writing time revising something that’s already completed, you aren’t priming the creative pump, you aren’t exercising your imagination, you aren’t feeding the muse. You aren’t writing.
So when is your novel finished?
That’s something you’ll have to decide for yourself, but you do have to ask yourself: are the tweaks you’re making to it actually improving the story or are you just tweaking it because you don’t want to let the story go and you’ll find any excuse necessary to keep working on it? A novel is kind of like a marble sculpture. You want to chisel away anything that doesn’t belong, but one strike of the chisel too many and it’s damaged, if not ruined.
If you aren’t sure, set it aside and start working on something new. And if you don’t already have an idea for something new, take the time to try to find something new to start developing.
Final Post in Becoming a Writer Series
Hey, all!
I just wanted to post this really quick tonight to let you know that the final post in the becoming a writer series won’t be up until late Monday evening, because I’ll be tied up with an on-site freelancing gig all day Monday. And since I’ve been out of the house almost all day today (Sunday), I never had a chance to sit down and write it.
So stay tuned!
I’m a Superior Scribbler!
Alexandra, over on The Value of One, who’s been a regular blog reader and commenter here—as well as a winner of one of the critiques I gave away last fall—gave me a blog award:

And here’s what Alexandra had to say, to explain why she awarded me this honor:
- This award goes to Kaye Dacus. I consider her the one who got me started on the road to serious writing. Her writing is absolutely amazing, in case you haven’t read her newest novel, Stand-in Groom. (If you haven’t, then what are you waiting for??? 😉 ) Her blog is instructive and inspiring. So here’s to you!
Thanks, Alexandra, for motivating me to keep on keeping on, and motivating me to do even more!
Fun Friday: A Case for Love

I went to lunch with my best friend and greatest brainstorming partner ever, Lori, today and talked through some of the issues I’m having with characterization in A Case for Love (Forbes is being VERY stubborn and not revealing much about himself to me!). So I figured since I posted the potential opening scene a couple of months ago, I’d post what that scene morphed into once I started writing.
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A Case for Love
(excerpt from Chapter 4)
Copyright © 2009 by Kaye Dacus
Forbes tried to think of an excuse to run past Alaine’s townhouse one more time. He’d made the circuit of the neighborhood five times already—almost three miles—and the heat and humidity was getting unbearable. He wasn’t sure if he’d be able to make it all the way around again.
Half an hour ago when he’d just rounded the corner onto the street he knew she lived on, her black Mazda coupe had pulled into the garage of the townhouse in the middle of the long row with the sand-colored brick façade and the bay window. He’d never taken the time to notice just how much smaller and less-expensive looking the structures in this part of the neighborhood were until now, even though he knew they went for less than half the price of the all-brick duplex-style townhouses in his section.
The next two times he passed her place, an older model, burgundy Lincoln Town Car had been parked in her driveway, but the fourth time he made it around, the visitor was gone. It was the kind of car a parent would drive—maybe her mother?—not a boyfriend. He hoped so, anyway. But she had turned him down for a date.
He was pretty sure one of the requirements of eligibility for the magazine’s lists [of the most eligible bachelors and bachelorettes] was that the person nominated wasn’t involved in a committed relationship. That thought helped to quicken his step back home.
When he reached the entrance to the cul-de-sac, he slowed to a walk to start cooling down. He mustered the energy to wave when a blue Porsche Cayman rolled past him and pulled into the garage of the house attached to his. His chest twinged with envy, the way it did every time he saw the luxury sports car. If only he didn’t have to occasionally drive clients around, he could have gotten the two door Jaguar instead of the more stodgy sedan.
A tall, slender African-American man came out of the garage, shading his eyes against the glaring sun even though he wore expensive sunglasses. “Man, do you have a death wish? What are you thinking, running in this heat?”
Forbes powered off his I-Pod and swiped at the sweat streaming down his face with the hem of his soaked T-shirt. “I know. I just had some excess energy I needed to burn off since we didn’t run this morning.”
“You found out where that chick lives, didn’t you?” Shon loosened his tie and unbuttoned his collar.
“What ‘chick’?” Forbes started stretching before his muscles froze up—and to have an excuse not to look his neighbor, and client, in the eye.
“The girl from that talk show on Channel Six.”
“It’s not a talk show—no studio audience. It’s a news magazine.” At least that’s how the on-screen digital cable guide classified it, which he’d seen when he set his DVR to record it every day.
Shon snorted. “Whatever. Look, I’ve been telling you for years that I can set you up with some of the most attractive women in this city. You’d be amazed at the quality of our clientele.”
Even though Forbes had represented LeShon Murphy’s business for almost five years, the idea of personally making use of Let’s Do Coffee’s matchmaking services never entered his mind. “Thanks, but I think I’ll stick with the old-fashioned way of doing things.”
“That’s right—she was at the dinner Friday night, wasn’t she? So did you ask her out?”
Sometimes, living next door to someone who’d made his first million by age twenty-five from setting people up on blind-dates wasn’t ideal. “Not that it’s any of your business, but yes, I did ask her out.”
Forbes stopped mid-stretch when Shon didn’t respond immediately.
A huge grin broke over Shon’s dark face. “She said no.”
Since the man was an important client, and someone he considered a friend, Forbes bit back a sharp retort. “She already had plans for the night I wanted to go out. She didn’t close the door for good, though.”
“Right.” Shon unknotted his tie and pulled it off. “Do me a favor and just remember what the Bible says: ‘It is not good for man to be alone.’”
First his mother, sisters, aunts, and cousins, now his client. “Will do. We back on schedule tomorrow?”
“I’ll be out here at five a.m. ready to go, old man.”
“We’ll see about that.” Forbes raised his hand in a dismissive wave as his friend disappeared into his garage.
Becoming a Writer: The Best Advice I Ever Received

“Writing a first draft requires from the writer a peculiar internal state which ordinary life does not induce.”
~Annie Dillard (The Writing Life)
Back at the beginning of this series, I mentioned attending my first writers’ conference at Ridgecrest, NC, in 2001. Up until that time, I’d been writing and writing and writing for years. I’d even majored in creative writing (and hated it) many years before that (which I touched on a little bit in the first post in this series).
At the conference, I took the Fiction 101 track, taught by author T. Davis Bunn. It was pretty early on in the first day’s workshop that I heard the piece of advice that had the most profound influence on my writing career of anything I’ve learned since:
“Above all else: FINISH YOUR FIRST DRAFT.”
It seems like a pretty simple thing, doesn’t it? Almost too simple to have to be said aloud, right?
But how many people out there are like I was: content to just “play” with our characters by either revising/rewriting existing stuff we’ve already written or writing scenes/vignettes that don’t necessarily tie together into a story, but that’s okay, because we’re writing and entertaining ourselves, without ever having a story that has a beginning, middle, and end.
I think this is probably a bigger trap for those of us who are character-driven than for those who are plot-driven. Those of us who start writing because we’ve fallen in love with a couple of characters really are writing to spend time with those characters. If we don’t have a clear idea of a story for them, we can write stuff about them for years without ever “finishing” anything. Take it from me and my 200,000-word unfinished opus that I spent ten years playing with.
One of the questions I’ve seen most often in the interviews I’ve been doing recently is what advice would I give to “aspiring” writers.
My response is this:
- Just like someone cannot one day pick up a stethoscope and scalpel and “become” a doctor, one cannot just pick up a pen and notebook (or start up a computer) and “become” a writer. Writing fiction is as much about learning and studying as it is about composing and creating.
I’ve heard it said that no one can consider themselves a “real” writer until they have written at least one million words. I’m not sure it takes quite that many. I would revise that to say that it’s really hard to truly learn how to write well without having written at least two or three complete manuscripts, attended a few writing conference or workshops/classes, and read many writing-craft books and/or websites.
To all aspiring writers: get your manuscripts finished!
Stand-In Groom was my fourth complete manuscript and the first I’ve ever completely revised, and it was an almost three-year process from beginning to end. With each manuscript I wrote and completed, I learned more and more about the craft of writing. So instead of just concentrating on polishing and repolishing those first three chapters for contests or submissions, get the whole book written and revised, then start on the next one while you’re in the process of submitting.Am I suggesting that no writer is ever going to get their very first manuscript published? Absolutely not. But I’ve talked to a plethora of writers who did get one of their first finished manuscripts published—and now they cannot abide to even split the covers of that book because they’re embarrassed by the lack of quality in the writing.
By writing a story through to completion, you’ll learn more about yourself as a writer than you will from any seminar, workshop, conference, mentor, or critique partner. You’ll learn how long it takes you to write something from beginning to end. You’ll learn your natural rhythm for pacing and character development. You’ll find out that you have a tendency to write chapters of a certain length (which can change, based on what genre you write in if you write multiple genres). You may find out that you’re really better suited to women’s fiction rather than romantic comedy or to cozy mystery rather than hard-core suspense.
But more important than any of that, you will feel a sense of accomplishment and confidence in yourself and your calling as a writer when you write those two most glorious words: THE END. Nothing else in the writer’s life can compare with writing the ending of a story—whether it’s a happy/hopeful, bittersweet, melancholy, or tragic.
Forget trying to make it perfect as you’re writing it. Just write. Turn off the internal editor. Ignore the analytical side of your brain. Don’t worry about rules and finding the perfect descriptive verb. Don’t write for anyone but YOU. As Stephen King told us in On Writing: you write the first draft with the door closed, you revise with the door open.
“A writer who is writing at white heat with the muse at his shoulder doesn’t need any rules. All he needs to do is be a good typist.”
~Ellen Gilchrist (The Writing Life)
Every time someone announces winners of writing contests, I always read them, because I know I’m going to see familiar names and want to congratulate friends and acquaintances. However, there are some people I worry about—their names regularly appear on finalists’ lists for multiple contests, and have been there every year for five or six or more years. A few I’m close enough with that I’ve talked to them about this phenomenon and I’ve come to discover that there are certain writers out there who have what many of us call “contest addiction.” They spend most of their writing life revising and implementing suggested changes on the first ten, fifteen, twenty-five, or fifty pages of their stories—but never really go past that. Either they never finish the story, they just keep entering those few pages into contests, hoping the editor/agent judge will miraculously offer them a publishing contract, or, when they do get a request for a submission, the rest of their manuscript has suffered from severe neglect and can’t live up to the quality of the opening pages.
I’m a big proponent of writing contests. Entering multiple contests helped me overcome my fear of letting others read and comment upon my writing—after the trauma of majoring in Creative Writing the first go-round in college and years of being sure I would never let “strangers” read my writing ever again. And it was entering Stand-In Groom in a major contest in 2006 and being a finalist that gave me the confidence to approach two agents and ask if I could submit it to them. But do you see the difference? I took the comments and feedback that I received from those early contest entries and applied the feedback I received to all of my writing—and I moved on, kept writing, kept finishing manuscripts, kept building my confidence.
Your turn. What’s the greatest single piece of writing advice you’ve ever received?
